Gene Details:

Functional Descriptions:

  • Here we clone and characterize GS3, an evolutionarily important gene controlling grain size in rice.
  • We show that GS3 is highly expressed in young panicles in both short- and long-grained varieties but is not expressed in leaves or panicles after flowering, and we use genetic transformation to demonstrate that the dominant allele for short grain complements the long-grain phenotype.
  • An association study revealed that a C to A mutation in the second exon of GS3 (A allele) was associated with enhanced grain length in Oryza sativa but was absent from other Oryza species.
  • Evolutionary history of GS3, a gene conferring grain length in rice.
  • We demonstrate that GS3, one of the genes regulating seed length, also regulates stigma length and participates in stigma exsertion in rice.
  • Manipulation of GS3 should contribute to the improvement of hybrid seed-production efficiency.
  • GS3 participates in stigma exsertion as well as seed length in rice.
  • The GS3 locus located in the pericentromeric region of rice chromosome 3 has been frequently identified as a major QTL for both grain weight (a yield trait) and grain length (a quality trait) in the literature.
  • GS3, a major QTL for grain length and weight and minor QTL for grain width and thickness in rice, encodes a putative transmembrane protein.
  • GRAIN SIZE 3 (GS3) is a cloned gene that is related to seed length.
  • Here we report the genetic and molecular characterization of GS3, a major quantitative trait locus for grain size.
  • This study linked the functional domains of the GS3 protein to natural variation of grain size in rice.
  • Linking differential domain functions of the GS3 protein to natural variation of grain size in rice.
  • This study indicates a critical role for GS3 in defining the seed morphologies of modern subpopulations of O.
  • Comparative sequencing of GS3, the most important grain length (GL) QTL, has shown that differentiation of rice GL might be principally due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between C and A in the second exon.
  • A causal C-A mutation in the second exon of GS3 highly associated with rice grain length and validated as a functional marker.
  • This mutation causes a 178-aa truncation in the C-terminus of the predicted protein, suggesting that GS3 may function as a negative regulator for grain size.
  • Analysis of a random subpopulation of 201 individuals from the BC3F2 progeny confirmed that the GS3 locus explained 80-90% of the variation for grain weight and length in this population.
  • Transcription of two known grain-length-related genes, GS3 and SRS3, was largely unaffected in the PGL1-overexpressing and APG-silenced plants.
  • Here we report the discovery of new deletion alleles at the GS3 locus, each of which confer short seed.
  • Transformation experiments demonstrated that one of the deletion alleles of GS3 decrease the cell number in the upper epidermis of the glume, resulting in a significant reduction in seed length.
  • Multiple and independent origins of short seeded alleles of GS3 in rice.
  • Near isogenic lines of GS3 were developed by successive crossing and backcrossing Minghui 63 (large grain) with Chuan 7 (small grain), using Minghui 63 as the recurrent parent.
  • Using 1,384 individuals with recessive phenotype (large grain) from a total of 5,740 BC3F2 plants and 11 molecular markers based on sequence information, GS3 was mapped to a DNA fragment approximately 7.
  • Comparative sequencing analysis identified a nonsense mutation, shared among all the large-grain varieties tested in comparison with the small grain varieties, in the second exon of the putative GS3 gene.
  • Improving rice grain length through updating the GS3 locus of an elite variety Kongyu 131.
  • This result demonstrates that update the GS3 locus is a feasible and efficient and accurate way can be applied to improve grain size of rice.
  • Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of GS3 Near-Isogenic Lines During Panicle Development in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
  • The current understanding of the function of the GS3 gene, especially concerning the regulatory mechanism of panicle development, is still in its infancy.
  • This study found that the nonsense mutated GS3 gene, the GS3 allele of Akita 63, has a superior yield production with enlarged grain size.
  • The GS3 allele increased the yield with improvements in harvest index and NUE for yields per plant N content by analyzing the near-isogenic line of rice plants with a large grain (LG-Notohikari), which was developed by introducing the GS3 allele of Akita 63 into normal-grain japonica cultivar, Notohikari.
  • The GS3 allele from a large-grain rice cultivar, Akita 63, increases yield and improves nitrogen-use efficiency.
  • Thus, the GS3 allele would be promising for further yield increase without additional large input of N fertilization in non-GS3-allele rice varieties.

Literature:

Gene Resources:

Sequences:

cDNA Sequence
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.3
    TGTGGTCTTTGTTATGCCTTTGCATTCTATGGGAAACACCTGATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAAGAATATTGCTACATATAAATTGTCGGCCATTCTTTGCAATTCGACTCATAAGAGGCACTCGGAACGCTATGCAGTGCATGGGGGAATTGTATATTATCTCCGAATCAAGAAGGGGATAATGCTTGCTTTCTCCATGAGCTATTTTTGCCTTTTTCATGCCGGATCATCATATGCTGTCGTACATTGGATGATCTTATGCTGTTGTACATTGGATGTTGGTCATTTGTAGAGATACTAGTGAATAAAAGTTGCAGGAGTTGGTTCACTCGAGAAAATTCTGGTCAGTATGTCGTCCATCTGCTGCACGACAGCAGTTAGGAGCCGAATAGCATGTCCATGGGTTTTCATCAAATGTTGTATCATCATTTGTTTTTTGATACGTTCAGACGGCTTCAGTGCTGTGTGAATATATATGTATGGAATATATCGAGAAAATGTTGTTGTAACATTTGGTTTTTGATCGTTGAGACGA
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.2
    TGTGGTCTTTGTTATGCCTTTGCATTCTATGGGAAACACCTGATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAAGAATATTGCTACATATAAATTGTCGGCCATTCTTTGCAATTCGACTCATAAGAGGCACTCGGAACGCTATGCAGTGCATGGGGGAATTGTATATTATCTCCGAATCAAGAAGGGGATAATGCTTGCTTTCTCCATGAGCTATTTTTGCCTTTTTCATGCCGGATCATCATATGCTGTCGTACATTGGATGATCTTATGCTGTTGTACATTGGATGTTGGTCATTTGTAGAGATACTAGTGAATAAAAGTTGCAGGAGTTGGTTCACTCGAGAAAATTCTGGTCAGTATGTCGTCCATCTGCTGCACGACAGCAGTTAGGAGCCGAATAGCATGTCCATGGGTTTTCATCAAATGTTGTATCATCATTTGTTTTTTGATACGTTCAGACGGCTTCAGTGCTGTGTGAATATATATGTATGGAATATATCGAGAAAATGTTGTTGTAACATTTGGTTTTTGATCGTTGAGACGA
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.1
    TGTGGTCTTTGTTATGCCTTTGCATTCTATGGGAAACACCTGATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAAGAATATTGCTACATATAAATTGTCGGCCATTCTTTGCAATTCGACTCATAAGAGGCACTCGGAACGCTATGCAGTGCATGGGGGAATTGTATATTATCTCCGAATCAAGAAGGGGATAATGCTTGCTTTCTCCATGAGCTATTTTTGCCTTTTTCATGCCGGATCATCATATGCTGTCGTACATTGGATGATCTTATGCTGTTGTACATTGGATGTTGGTCATTTGTAGAGATACTAGTGAATAAAAGTTGCAGGAGTTGGTTCACTCGAGAAAATTCTGGTCAGTATGTCGTCCATCTGCTGCACGACAGCAGTTAGGAGCCGAATAGCATGTCCATGGGTTTTCATCAAATGTTGTATCATCATTTGTTTTTTGATACGTTCAGACGGCTTCAGTGCTGTGTGAATATATATGTATGGAATATATCGAGAAAATGTTGTTGTAACATTTGGTTTTTGATCGTTGAGACGA
CDS Sequence
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.3
    ATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAA
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.2
    ATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAA
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.1
    ATGCAAACATTACATTCAGAAGGCATGATTGTGCTTTTTGTCATGGAAATGCTGGAGTTCCACGAGAATGACCCAAGGAGGACTCGGATAGCTAATGCTTACTTCTCATTGTTCATGGCCCTGGGAAACATACTTGGATATGCCACTGGAGCATACAGTGGCTGGTACAAGATATTCCCGTTCACCGTTACTCCATCATGTAGCATCAGCTGTGCCAACCTCAAGTCTGCCTTTCTACTTGATATTATCATTTTGGTGGTCACTACATGCATCACTGTAGCATCAGTGCAAGAGCCTCAATCCTTTGGAAGTGATGAAGCAGATCACCCTAGCACAGAACAGGAAGCTTTCCTCTGGGAACTTTTTGGATCATTCCGGTACTTTACATTACCGGTTTGGATGGTTTTGATTGTTACTGCCCTCACATGGATTGGATGGTTTCCATTTATCCTCTTTGATACCGATTGGATGGGTCGAGAGATCTATCGTGGAAGTCCAGATGATCCAAGTATAACTCAGAGCTATCATGATGGTGTGAGAATGGGTTCTTTTGGTCTGATGCTGAACTCGGTCCTTCTTGGATTCACTTCTATTGTACTAGAGAAGTTATGTCGGAAGTGGGGAGCTGGACTGGTGTGGGGTGTCTCCAATATCCTAATGGCATTGTGCTTTGTGGCAATGCTTGTAATAACATATGTGGCAAAGAATATGGATTATCCACCTAGTGGAGTACCACCAACCGGCATTGTCATTGCTTCCCTGGTAGTTTTTACAATTTTAGGAGCGCCCCTGGCGATCACGTACAGTATACCATATGCAATGGCTGCTAGTCGGGTTGAAAATCTGGGACTTGGCCAAGGTCTAGCAATGGGCATTCTTAATTTGGCTATTGTCATACCACAGGTTATTGTGTCACTGGGTAGCGGGCCCTGGGACCAACTGTTTGGTGGTGGCAATGCACCAGCCTTTGCAGTGGCTGCTGCTGCATCTTTTATCGGTGGGCTGGTGGCTATTCTGGGCCTTCCACGAGCCCGCATTGCATCAAGGAGGAGAGGTCACCGATAA
Protein Sequence
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.3
    MQTLHSEGMIVLFVMEMLEFHENDPRRTRIANAYFSLFMALGNILGYATGAYSGWYKIFPFTVTPSCSISCANLKSAFLLDIIILVVTTCITVASVQEPQSFGSDEADHPSTEQEAFLWELFGSFRYFTLPVWMVLIVTALTWIGWFPFILFDTDWMGREIYRGSPDDPSITQSYHDGVRMGSFGLMLNSVLLGFTSIVLEKLCRKWGAGLVWGVSNILMALCFVAMLVITYVAKNMDYPPSGVPPTGIVIASLVVFTILGAPLAITYSIPYAMAASRVENLGLGQGLAMGILNLAIVIPQVIVSLGSGPWDQLFGGGNAPAFAVAAAASFIGGLVAILGLPRARIASRRRGHR*
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.2
    MQTLHSEGMIVLFVMEMLEFHENDPRRTRIANAYFSLFMALGNILGYATGAYSGWYKIFPFTVTPSCSISCANLKSAFLLDIIILVVTTCITVASVQEPQSFGSDEADHPSTEQEAFLWELFGSFRYFTLPVWMVLIVTALTWIGWFPFILFDTDWMGREIYRGSPDDPSITQSYHDGVRMGSFGLMLNSVLLGFTSIVLEKLCRKWGAGLVWGVSNILMALCFVAMLVITYVAKNMDYPPSGVPPTGIVIASLVVFTILGAPLAITYSIPYAMAASRVENLGLGQGLAMGILNLAIVIPQVIVSLGSGPWDQLFGGGNAPAFAVAAAASFIGGLVAILGLPRARIASRRRGHR*
  • >LOC_Os12g44380.1
    MQTLHSEGMIVLFVMEMLEFHENDPRRTRIANAYFSLFMALGNILGYATGAYSGWYKIFPFTVTPSCSISCANLKSAFLLDIIILVVTTCITVASVQEPQSFGSDEADHPSTEQEAFLWELFGSFRYFTLPVWMVLIVTALTWIGWFPFILFDTDWMGREIYRGSPDDPSITQSYHDGVRMGSFGLMLNSVLLGFTSIVLEKLCRKWGAGLVWGVSNILMALCFVAMLVITYVAKNMDYPPSGVPPTGIVIASLVVFTILGAPLAITYSIPYAMAASRVENLGLGQGLAMGILNLAIVIPQVIVSLGSGPWDQLFGGGNAPAFAVAAAASFIGGLVAILGLPRARIASRRRGHR*