Gene Details:

• Gene ID: AT5G23080
• Gene Symbol: TGH
• Gene Name: TOUGH
• Description: SWAP (Suppressor-of-White-APricot)/surp domain-containing protein;(source:Araport11)
• TAIR Accession:
• Genome: Araport11_genome_release
• Species: Arabidopsis thaliana

Transcripts:

• AT5G23080.1     AT5G23080.2

Plant Ontology Annotations:

• PO:0009005  — root — raíz (Spanish, exact), radices (exact, plural), radix (exact), 根 (Japanese, exact), aerial root (narrow), climbing root (narrow)
• PO:0000035  — cotyledon vascular system — sistema vascular del cotiledón (Spanish, exact), 子葉維管系 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0000036  — leaf vascular system — sistema vascular de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉維管系 (Japanese, exact), leaf venation (related)
• PO:0000282  — trichome — tricoma (Spanish, exact), 毛茸、糸状体、毛 (Japanese, exact), seta (related), setae (related), capilli (narrow), capillus (narrow), cilia (narrow), cilium (narrow), glochid (narrow), glochidia (narrow), glochidium (narrow), hair (narrow), lepides (narrow), lepis (narrow), non-secretory trichome (narrow), scale (narrow), squama (narrow), squamae (narrow), squamella (narrow), squamellae (narrow), squamule (narrow), barb trichome (broad), bristle (broad)
• PO:0004010  — meristematic cell — célula meristemática (Spanish, exact), stem cell (exact), 分裂組織細胞 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0006338  — embryo leaf — embryonic leaf (exact), hoja embriónica (Spanish, exact), 初期の葉、胚葉 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009062  — gynoecium — ginoecio (Spanish, exact), gynaecium (exact), gynoecia (exact, plural), 雌蕊群 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae gynoecium (narrow), Zea gynoecium (narrow), apocarpous gynoecium (narrow), gynoecium of ear floret (narrow), gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow), gynoecium of lower floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow), gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow), gynoecium of lower floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow), gynoecium of tassel floret (narrow), gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of ear (narrow), gynoecium of upper floret of pedicellate spikelet of tassel (narrow), gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of ear (narrow), gynoecium of upper floret of sessile spikelet of tassel (narrow), syncarpous gynoecium (narrow), pistil (broad)

Germplasm Phenotype:

• amp1-1tgh-1  — Double mutants display a phenotype that was not observed in the parental lines or in the single mutants. In seedlings, double mutants show alterations of cotyledon shape, such as fused cotyledons and the impairment of leaf and shoot growth and differentiation. In 2-week-old adult plants, the rosette diameter of these mutants was reduced at least 10-fold. Only the primary vascular strand but no secondary or tertiary strands differentiated. Inability to form normal leaf blades.
• tgh-1  — Adult homozygous tgh mutant plants have a reduced stature and significantly smaller lanceolate leaves. Anthers failed to elongate and produce pollen. Almost complete infertility. At the seedling stage, tgh mutant seedlings are recognizable by developmental defects, including triple cotyledons, altered cotyledon shape, and reduced elongation growth in dark-grown seedlings. The triple cotyledon phenotype is, however, not fully penetrant (e.g., only 7 of 362 progeny seedlings of a TGH/tgh-1 parent line displayed the triple cotyledon phenotype corresponding to a penetrance of 7.7%). tgh mutants have an imperfect vascular system with differentiated but frequently unconnected vascular strands, which is cuased by a defect in the initiation of vascular development.

Function-related keywords:

• root ,  cotyledon vascular system ,  leaf vascular system ,  trichome ,  meristematic cell ,  embryo leaf ,  gynoecium

Literature:

• Transcriptional profiling by cDNA-AFLP and microarray analysis reveals novel insights into the early response to ethylene in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02156.x ;  PMID:  15272873
• The evolutionarily conserved TOUGH protein is required for proper development of Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.105.031302 ;  PMID:  16024589
• Systematic identification of functional plant modules through the integration of complementary data sources.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.112.196725 ;  PMID:  22589469
• Regulation of miRNA abundance by RNA binding protein TOUGH in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.1204915109 ;  PMID:  22802657
• The rolB gene activates the expression of genes encoding microRNA processing machinery.   DOI:  10.1007/s10529-014-1743-7 ;  PMID:  25491479
• Regulation of Plant Microprocessor Function in Shaping microRNA Landscape.   DOI:  10.3389/fpls.2018.00753 ;  PMID:  29922322
• mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA) deposits m(6)A on pri-miRNAs to modulate miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.2003733117 ;  PMID:  32817553

Sequences: