Gene Details:

• Gene ID: AT4G23100
• Gene Symbol: ATECS1, AtGSH1, CAD2, CAD2, GSH1, GSHA, PAD2, PAD2, RAX1, RML1
• Gene Name: CADMIUM SENSITIVE 2, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase homolog 2, glutamate-cysteine ligase, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 2, proteasome alpha subunit D2, REGULATOR OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS 1, ROOT MERISTEMLESS 1
• Description: glutamate-cysteine ligase;(source:Araport11)
• TAIR Accession:
• Genome: Araport11_genome_release
• Species: Arabidopsis thaliana

Transcripts:

• AT4G23100.1     AT4G23100.2     AT4G23100.3

Plant Ontology Annotations:

• PO:0000037  — shoot axis apex — ápice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート頂、茎頂 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0008019  — leaf lamina base — base de la lámina de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉身基部 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009006  — shoot system — sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート系、苗条系 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae crown (related), shoot (related), thalli (related), thallus (related), tree crown (narrow)
• PO:0009009  — plant embryo — embrión (Spanish, exact), 植物胚 (Japanese, exact), germ (related), embryo (broad)
• PO:0009025  — vascular leaf — foliage leaf (exact), hoja vascular (Spanish, exact), leaf, vascular (exact), vascular leaves (exact, plural), 維管束のある葉, または維管束植物の葉 (Japanese, exact), crozier (related), macrophyll (related), megaphyll (related), ascidia (narrow), ascidium (narrow), fiddlehead (narrow), frond (narrow), needle-like leaf (narrow), pitcher (narrow), pitcher blade (narrow), pitcher-blade (narrow), scale-like leaf (narrow), sterile frond (narrow), trophophyll (narrow)
• PO:0009029  — stamen — estambre (Spanish, exact), 雄蕊 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae stamen (narrow), Zea stamen (narrow)
• PO:0009031  — sepal — sépalo (Spanish, exact), がく片 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009046  — flower — flor (Spanish, exact), 花 (Japanese, exact), floret (related), Asteraceae floret (narrow), basal flower (narrow), double flower (narrow), hermaphrodite flower (narrow), monoclinous flower (narrow), perfect flower (narrow)
• PO:0009052  — inflorescence flower pedicel — 小花柄 (Japanese, related), pedicelo (Spanish, broad)
• PO:0020030  — cotyledon — cotiledón (Spanish, exact), seed leaf (exact), 子葉 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020038  — petiole — pecíolo (Spanish, exact), 葉柄 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020100  — hypocotyl — hipocótile (Spanish, exact), 胚軸 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020137  — leaf apex — ápice de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉先 (Japanese, exact), leaf lamina apex (narrow), phyllid apex (narrow)
• PO:0025022  — collective leaf structure — estructura colectiva de hoja (Spanish, exact), leaf series (exact), 葉が集まった構造 (Japanese, exact), leaf whorl (narrow), rosette (narrow), cycle (broad), verticil (broad)
• PO:0025281  — pollen — polen (Spanish, exact), pollen grain (exact), 花粉 (Japanese, exact)

Function-related keywords:

• shoot axis apex ,  leaf lamina base ,  shoot system ,  plant embryo ,  vascular leaf ,  stamen ,  sepal ,  flower ,  inflorescence flower pedicel ,  cotyledon ,  petiole ,  hypocotyl ,  leaf apex ,  collective leaf structure ,  pollen

Literature:

• Glutathione biosynthesis in Arabidopsis trichome cells.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.190334497 ;  PMID:  10995473
• Isolation of Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility by direct screening.   DOI:  10.1093/genetics/143.2.973 ;  PMID:  8725243
• Characterization of an Arabidopsis-Phytophthora pathosystem: resistance requires a functional PAD2 gene and is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling.   DOI:  10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01148.x ;  PMID:  11722772
• Characterization of the early response of Arabidopsis to Alternaria brassicicola infection using expression profiling.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.103.022186 ;  PMID:  12805591
• Arabidopsis local resistance to Botrytis cinerea involves salicylic acid and camalexin and requires EDS4 and PAD2, but not SID2, EDS5 or PAD4.   DOI:  10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01794.x ;  PMID:  12848825
• Topology of the network integrating salicylate and jasmonate signal transduction derived from global expression phenotyping.   DOI:  10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01717.x ;  PMID:  12694596
• Induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to root inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0.   DOI:  10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.10.851 ;  PMID:  14558686
• Level of glutathione is regulated by ATP-dependent ligation of glutamate and cysteine through photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: mechanism of strong interaction of light intensity with flowering.   DOI:  10.1093/pcp/pch008 ;  PMID:  14749480
• Identification of genes required for embryo development in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.104.045179 ;  PMID:  15266054
• Ethylene response factor 1 mediates Arabidopsis resistance to the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum.   DOI:  10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.7.763 ;  PMID:  15242170
• Evidence for a direct link between glutathione biosynthesis and stress defense gene expression in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.104.022608 ;  PMID:  15308753
• Alterations in tocopherol cyclase activity in transgenic and mutant plants of Arabidopsis affect tocopherol content, tocopherol composition, and oxidative stress.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.104.054908 ;  PMID:  15665245
• Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in roots using a modified tobacco rattle virus vector.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.104.051466 ;  PMID:  15591447
• Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.105.062257 ;  PMID:  15923322
• Coordinated activation of metabolic pathways for antioxidants and defence compounds by jasmonates and their roles in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02560.x ;  PMID:  16262714
• A fungal-responsive MAPK cascade regulates phytoalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.0711301105 ;  PMID:  18378893
• Antioxidant status, peroxidase activity, and PR protein transcript levels in ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vtc mutants.   DOI:  10.1093/jxb/ern229 ;  PMID:  18849295
• Glucosinolate metabolites required for an Arabidopsis innate immune response.   DOI:  10.1126/science.1164627 ;  PMID:  19095898
• The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea exports camalexin and is a virulence factor on Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03794.x ;  PMID:  19154205
• The Arabidopsis Ethylene-Insensitive 2 gene is required for lead resistance.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.013 ;  PMID:  19153049
• Redox homeostasis regulates plasmodesmal communication in Arabidopsis meristems.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.0808717106 ;  PMID:  19820302
• Interplay between the NADP-linked thioredoxin and glutathione systems in Arabidopsis auxin signaling.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.109.071225 ;  PMID:  20164444
• Systems analysis of seed filling in Arabidopsis: using general linear modeling to assess concordance of transcript and protein expression.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.109.152413 ;  PMID:  20118269
• Characterization of an Arabidopsis cadmium-resistant mutant cdr3-1D reveals a link between heavy metal resistance as well as seed development and flowering.   DOI:  10.1007/s00425-010-1328-1 ;  PMID:  21165647
• Identification of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins required for embryo development in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.110.168120 ;  PMID:  21139083
• BYPASS1: synthesis of the mobile root-derived signal requires active root growth and arrests early leaf development.   DOI:  10.1186/1471-2229-11-28 ;  PMID:  21291559
• Glutathione deficiency of the Arabidopsis mutant pad2-1 affects oxidative stress-related events, defense gene expression, and the hypersensitive response.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.111.182667 ;  PMID:  22007023
• Feedback inhibition by thiols outranks glutathione depletion: a luciferase-based screen reveals glutathione-deficient γ-ECS and glutathione synthetase mutants impaired in cadmium-induced sulfate assimilation.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.04924.x ;  PMID:  22283708
• Low antioxidant concentrations impact on multiple signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana partly through NPR1.   DOI:  10.1093/jxb/err358 ;  PMID:  22213815
• A proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling responses to 3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone, a bacterial quorum-sensing signal.   DOI:  10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.044 ;  PMID:  22995300
• Functional analysis of Arabidopsis mutants points to novel roles for glutathione in coupling H(2)O(2) to activation of salicylic acid accumulation and signaling.   DOI:  10.1089/ars.2012.5052 ;  PMID:  23148658
• Correlation between hormonal homeostasis and morphogenic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings growing in a Cd/Cu/Zn multi-pollution context.   DOI:  10.1111/ppl.12050 ;  PMID:  23496095
• Glutamate receptor-like channel3.3 is involved in mediating glutathione-triggered cytosolic calcium transients, transcriptional changes, and innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.113.217208 ;  PMID:  23656893
• Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism are required for Arabidopsis immunity during the hypersensitive response to hemibiotrophs.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.1305745110 ;  PMID:  23696664
• Glutathione and tryptophan metabolites are key players in Arabidopsis nonhost resistance against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.   DOI:  10.4161/psb.25603 ;  PMID:  23838955
• Redox signaling mediates the expression of a sulfate-deprivation-inducible microRNA395 in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.12364 ;  PMID:  24164591
• Fine tuning of reactive oxygen species homeostasis regulates primed immune responses in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1094/MPMI-04-13-0117-R ;  PMID:  24088017
• Higher sensitivity of pad2-1 and vtc2-1 mutants to cadmium is related to lower subcellular glutathione rather than ascorbate contents.   DOI:  10.1007/s00709-013-0576-x ;  PMID:  24281833
• Changes in biosynthesis and metabolism of glutathione upon ochratoxin A stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.001 ;  PMID:  24662377
• Glutathione plays an essential role in nitric oxide-mediated iron-deficiency signaling and iron-deficiency tolerance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.13011 ;  PMID:  26333047
• Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor ZAT6 Positively Regulates Cadmium Tolerance through the Glutathione-Dependent Pathway in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.15.01882 ;  PMID:  26983992
• Loss-of-function mutations in the APX1 gene result in enhanced selenium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1111/pce.12762 ;  PMID:  27149098
• The Thiol Reductase Activity of YUCCA6 Mediates Delayed Leaf Senescence by Regulating Genes Involved in Auxin Redistribution.   DOI:  10.3389/fpls.2016.00626 ;  PMID:  27242830
• Jasmonate Regulates Plant Responses to Postsubmergence Reoxygenation through Transcriptional Activation of Antioxidant Synthesis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.16.01803 ;  PMID:  28082717
• A role for APX1 gene in lead tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.015 ;  PMID:  28167043
• Thioarsenate Toxicity and Tolerance in the Model System Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1021/acs.est.6b06028 ;  PMID:  28525265
• Sulfur Partitioning between Glutathione and Protein Synthesis Determines Plant Growth.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.18.00421 ;  PMID:  29752309
• WRKY12 represses GSH1 expression to negatively regulate cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1007/s11103-018-0809-7 ;  PMID:  30617455
• Genome-wide identification of EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) genes required for growth and development in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/nph.16071 ;  PMID:  31334862
• Dehydroascorbate Reductases and Glutathione Set a Threshold for High-Light-Induced Ascorbate Accumulation.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.19.01556 ;  PMID:  32205453
• Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates glutathione metabolism and activities of glutathione related enzymes in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1071/FP17151 ;  PMID:  32291042
• Glutathione Enhances Auxin Sensitivity in Arabidopsis Roots.   DOI:  10.3390/biom10111550 ;  PMID:  33202956
• Activating the MYB51 and MYB122 to upregulate the transcription of glucosinolates biosynthesis genes by copper ions in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.025 ;  PMID:  33756355
• A MYB4-MAN3-Mannose-MNB1 signaling cascade regulates cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pgen.1009636 ;  PMID:  34181654
• Preinvasive nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis against melanized appressorium-mediated entry of multiple nonadapted Colletotrichum fungi.   DOI:  10.1080/15592324.2021.2018218 ;  PMID:  34978264
• Effect of phosphate on arsenic species uptake in plants under hydroponic conditions.   DOI:  10.1007/s10265-022-01381-0 ;  PMID:  35179661
• Glutathione contributes to plant defence against parasitic cyst nematodes.   DOI:  10.1111/mpp.13210 ;  PMID:  35352464
• Glutathione imparts stress tolerance against Alternaria brassicicola infection via miRNA mediated gene regulation.   DOI:  10.1080/15592324.2022.2047352 ;  PMID:  36184871
• MYB30 integrates light signals with antioxidant biosynthesis to regulate plant responses during postsubmergence recovery.   DOI:  10.1111/nph.18674 ;  PMID:  36513604
• Chloroplast dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione cooperatively determine the capacity for ascorbate accumulation under photooxidative stress conditions.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.16117 ;  PMID:  36694959
• and phytochelatin synthase-mediated catabolism of glutathione and glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1003a ;  PMID:  37283618
• The Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast proteome reveals pathway abundance and novel protein functions.   DOI:  10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.039 ;  PMID:  15028209
• Coordinated activation of metabolic pathways for antioxidants and defence compounds by jasmonates and their roles in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02560.x ;  PMID:  16262714
• The early responses of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to cadmium exposure explored by protein and metabolite profiling analyses.   DOI:  10.1002/pmic.200500543 ;  PMID:  16502469
• AtATM3 is involved in heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.105.074146 ;  PMID:  16461380
• Sorting signals, N-terminal modifications and abundance of the chloroplast proteome.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pone.0001994 ;  PMID:  18431481
• Quantitative proteomics of a chloroplast SRP54 sorting mutant and its genetic interactions with CLPC1 in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.108.124545 ;  PMID:  18633119
• The oligomeric stromal proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts.   DOI:  10.1074/mcp.M500180-MCP200 ;  PMID:  16207701
• The early responses of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to cadmium exposure explored by protein and metabolite profiling analyses.   DOI:  10.1002/pmic.200500543 ;  PMID:  16502469
• Sorting signals, N-terminal modifications and abundance of the chloroplast proteome.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pone.0001994 ;  PMID:  18431481
• Analysis of protein complexes in Arabidopsis leaves using size exclusion chromatography and label-free protein correlation profiling.   DOI:  10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.004 ;  PMID:  28627464

Sequences: