Gene Details:

• Gene ID: AT2G40840
• Gene Symbol: DPE2
• Gene Name: disproportionating enzyme 2
• Description:
• TAIR Accession:
• Genome: Araport11_genome_release
• Species: Arabidopsis thaliana

Transcripts:

Plant Ontology Annotations:

• PO:0000037  — shoot axis apex — ápice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート頂、茎頂 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0008019  — leaf lamina base — base de la lámina de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉身基部 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009005  — root — raíz (Spanish, exact), radices (exact, plural), radix (exact), 根 (Japanese, exact), aerial root (narrow), climbing root (narrow)
• PO:0009006  — shoot system — sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート系、苗条系 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae crown (related), shoot (related), thalli (related), thallus (related), tree crown (narrow)
• PO:0009009  — plant embryo — embrión (Spanish, exact), 植物胚 (Japanese, exact), germ (related), embryo (broad)
• PO:0009025  — vascular leaf — foliage leaf (exact), hoja vascular (Spanish, exact), leaf, vascular (exact), vascular leaves (exact, plural), 維管束のある葉, または維管束植物の葉 (Japanese, exact), crozier (related), macrophyll (related), megaphyll (related), ascidia (narrow), ascidium (narrow), fiddlehead (narrow), frond (narrow), needle-like leaf (narrow), pitcher (narrow), pitcher blade (narrow), pitcher-blade (narrow), scale-like leaf (narrow), sterile frond (narrow), trophophyll (narrow)
• PO:0009029  — stamen — estambre (Spanish, exact), 雄蕊 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae stamen (narrow), Zea stamen (narrow)
• PO:0009031  — sepal — sépalo (Spanish, exact), がく片 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009046  — flower — flor (Spanish, exact), 花 (Japanese, exact), floret (related), Asteraceae floret (narrow), basal flower (narrow), double flower (narrow), hermaphrodite flower (narrow), monoclinous flower (narrow), perfect flower (narrow)
• PO:0009052  — inflorescence flower pedicel — 小花柄 (Japanese, related), pedicelo (Spanish, broad)
• PO:0020030  — cotyledon — cotiledón (Spanish, exact), seed leaf (exact), 子葉 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020038  — petiole — pecíolo (Spanish, exact), 葉柄 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020100  — hypocotyl — hipocótile (Spanish, exact), 胚軸 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020137  — leaf apex — ápice de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉先 (Japanese, exact), leaf lamina apex (narrow), phyllid apex (narrow)
• PO:0025022  — collective leaf structure — estructura colectiva de hoja (Spanish, exact), leaf series (exact), 葉が集まった構造 (Japanese, exact), leaf whorl (narrow), rosette (narrow), cycle (broad), verticil (broad)
• PO:0025281  — pollen — polen (Spanish, exact), pollen grain (exact), 花粉 (Japanese, exact)

Germplasm Phenotype:

• CS888267  — pleiotropic phenotype including dwarf plants and accumulation of starch that results in wrinkled chloroplasts in leaf tips
• dpe2-1  — Dwarf. Accumulate a large amount of maltose and starch. Have reduced levels of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and sucrose at night. Accumulate maltodextrin in the chloroplast.
• dpe2-2  — Dwarf. Accumulate a large amount of maltose and starch. Have reduced levels of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and sucrose at night. Accumulate maltodextrin in the chloroplast.
• dpe2-3  — Elevated levels of maltose, hexose but not sucrose.
• dpe2-3  — Leaves of the mutant have a reduced rate of starch degradation at night. The mutant has starch levels comparable to that of wild type at the end of the light period, but high levels of starch at the end of the dark period.
• dpe2-4  — Elevated starch content at the end of the dark period.
• dpe2-5  — Grows more slowly than wild type, has high starch content at the end of the night and has very high levels of maltose.
• dpe2-6  — Grows more slowly than wild type, has high starch content at the end of the night and has very high levels of maltose.

Function-related keywords:

• shoot axis apex ,  leaf lamina base ,  root ,  shoot system ,  plant embryo ,  vascular leaf ,  stamen ,  sepal ,  flower ,  inflorescence flower pedicel ,  cotyledon ,  petiole ,  hypocotyl ,  leaf apex ,  collective leaf structure ,  pollen

Literature:

• Orchestrated transcription of key pathways in Arabidopsis by the circadian clock.   DOI:  10.1126/science.290.5499.2110 ;  PMID:  11118138
• The role of amylomaltase in maltose metabolism in the cytosol of photosynthetic cells.   DOI:  10.1007/s00425-003-1127-z ;  PMID:  14593480
• A cytosolic glucosyltransferase is required for conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.02012.x ;  PMID:  14996213
• beta-Maltose is the metabolically active anomer of maltose during transitory starch degradation.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.104.055996 ;  PMID:  15665241
• Starch degradation.   DOI:  10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257 ;  PMID:  15862090
• Identification, subcellular localization and biochemical characterization of water-soluble heteroglycans (SHG) in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana L.: distinct SHG reside in the cytosol and in the apoplast.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02475.x ;  PMID:  16098110
• Daylength and circadian effects on starch degradation and maltose metabolism.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.105.061903 ;  PMID:  16055686
• RNA interference of Arabidopsis beta-amylase8 prevents maltose accumulation upon cold shock and increases sensitivity of PSII photochemical efficiency to freezing stress.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02565.x ;  PMID:  16297066
• A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG).   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02732.x ;  PMID:  16640603
• Cellular and organ level localization of maltose in maltose-excess Arabidopsis mutants.   DOI:  10.1007/s00425-006-0263-7 ;  PMID:  16596410
• Mutants of Arabidopsis lacking starch branching enzyme II substitute plastidial starch synthesis by cytoplasmic maltose accumulation.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.105.037671 ;  PMID:  17028209
• Regulation of starch metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.104.900209 ;  PMID:  17151136
• Repression of both isoforms of disproportionating enzyme leads to higher malto-oligosaccharide content and reduced growth in potato.   DOI:  10.1007/s00425-010-1245-3 ;  PMID:  20700743
• Identification of a novel heteroglycan-interacting protein, HIP 1.3, from Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.008 ;  PMID:  21087810
• Starch-related cytosolic heteroglycans in roots from Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.008 ;  PMID:  21269731
• Proteomics analysis reveals post-translational mechanisms for cold-induced metabolic changes in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1093/mp/ssq078 ;  PMID:  21242321
• Mutations in leaf starch metabolism modulate the diurnal root growth profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.4161/psb.6.7.15484 ;  PMID:  21691153
• Carbohydrate-active enzymes exemplify entropic principles in metabolism.   DOI:  10.1038/msb.2011.76 ;  PMID:  22027553
• Soluble carbohydrates regulate auxin biosynthesis via PIF proteins in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.112.104794 ;  PMID:  23209113
• Starch metabolism in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1199/tab.0160 ;  PMID:  23393426
• Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.113.227843 ;  PMID:  24302650
• A bacterial glucanotransferase can replace the complex maltose metabolism required for starch to sucrose conversion in leaves at night.   DOI:  10.1074/jbc.M113.497867 ;  PMID:  23950181
• Endogenous Arabidopsis messenger RNAs transported to distant tissues.   DOI:  10.1038/nplants.2015.25 ;  PMID:  27247031
• Starch Synthase 4 and Plastidal Phosphorylase Differentially Affect Starch Granule Number and Morphology.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.16.01859 ;  PMID:  28275148
• Photometric assay of maltose and maltose-forming enzyme activity by using 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (DPE2) from higher plants.   DOI:  10.1016/j.ab.2017.05.026 ;  PMID:  28576440
• Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the dpe2/phs1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pone.0187985 ;  PMID:  29155859
• Starch Granule Size and Morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch-Related Mutants Analyzed during Diurnal Rhythm and Development.   DOI:  10.3390/molecules26195859 ;  PMID:  34641402
• Carbon pathways during transitory starch degradation in Arabidopsis differentially affect the starch granule number and morphology in the dpe2/phs1 mutant background.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.033 ;  PMID:  35378390
• Dpe2/phs1 revealed unique starch metabolism with three distinct phases characterized by different starch granule numbers per chloroplast, allowing insights into the control mechanism of granule number regulation by gene co-regulation and metabolic profiling.   DOI:  10.3389/fpls.2022.1039534 ;  PMID:  36407636
• A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG).   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02732.x ;  PMID:  16640603
• The role of cytosolic alpha-glucan phosphorylase in maltose metabolism and the comparison of amylomaltase in Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.106.086850 ;  PMID:  16980562
• Analysis of protein complexes in Arabidopsis leaves using size exclusion chromatography and label-free protein correlation profiling.   DOI:  10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.004 ;  PMID:  28627464

Sequences: